A semantic concept for the mapping of low-level analysis data to high-level scene descriptions

Zusammen mit dem wachsenden Bedarf an Sicherheit wird eine zunehmende Menge an Überwachungsinhalten geschaffen. Um eine schnelle und zuverlässige Suche in den Aufnahmen hunderter oder tausender in einer einzelnenEinrichtung installierten Überwachungssensoren zu ermöglichen, istdie Indizierung dieses Inhalts im Voraus unentbehrlich. Zu diesem Zweckermöglicht das Konzept des Smart Indexing & Retrieval (SIR) durch dieErzeugung von high-level Metadaten kosteneffiziente Suchen. Da es immerschwieriger wird, diese Daten manuell mit annehmbarem Zeit- und Kostenaufwandzu generieren, muss die Erzeugung dieser Metadaten auf Basis vonlow-level Analysedaten automatisch erfolgen.Während bisherige Ansätze stark domänenabhängig sind, wird in dieserArbeit ein generisches Konzept für die Abbildung der Ergebnisse von lowlevelAnalysedaten auf semantische Szenenbeschreibungen präsentiert. Diekonstituierenden Elemente dieses Ansatzes und die ihnen zugrunde liegendenBegriffe werden vorgestellt, und eine Einführung in ihre Anwendungwird gegeben. Der Hauptbeitrag des präsentierten Ansatzes sind dessen Allgemeingültigkeit und die frühe Stufe, auf der der Schritt von der low-levelauf die high-level Repräsentation vorgenommen wird. Dieses Schließen in derMetadatendomäne wird in kleinen Zeitfenstern durchgeführt, während dasSchließen auf komplexeren Szenen in der semantischen Domäne ausgeführtwird. Durch die Verwendung dieses Ansatzes ist sogar eine unbeaufsichtigteSelbstbewertung der Analyseergebnisse möglich

Thermomechanical design rules for photovoltaic modules

We present a set of thermomechanical design rules to support and accelerate future (PV) module developments. The design rules are derived from a comprehensive parameter sensitivity study of different PV module layers and material properties by finite element method simulations. We develop a three dimensional finite element method (FEM) model, which models the PV module geometry in detail from busbar and ribbons up to the frame including the adhesive. The FEM simulation covers soldering, lamination, and mechanical load at various temperatures. The FEM model is validated by mechanical load tests on three 60-cell PV modules. Here, for the first time, stress within a solar cell is measured directly using stress sensors integrated in solar cells (SenSoCells®). The results show good accordance with the simulations. The parameter sensitivity study reveals that there are two critical interactions within a PV module: (1) between ribbon and solar cell and (2) between front/back cover and interconnected solar cells. Here, the encapsulant plays a crucial role in how the single layers interact with each other. Therefore, its mechanical properties are essential, and four design rules are derived regarding the encapsulant. Also four design rules concern front and back sides, and three address the solar cells. Finally, two design rules each deal with module size and frame, respectively. Altogether we derive a set of 15 thermomechanical design rules. As a rule of thumb of how well a bill of material will work from a thermomechanical point of view, we introduce the concept of specific thermal expansion stiffness ${\hat{E}}_{\alpha }=E\cdotp \alpha \cdotp {A}_{\mathrm{j}}\cdotp h$ as the product of Young\u27s modulus E, coefficient of thermal expansion $\alpha$, joint area A$_{j}$, and materials height h. The difference between two materials is a measure of how much thermal strain one material can induce in another. A strong difference means that the material with the larger value will induce thermal strain in the other

Palmitate Induced IL-6 and MCP-1 Expression in Human Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells Provides a Link between Diabetes and Urinary Tract Infections

Therefore we studied the effects of the free fatty acid palmitate and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and secretion in cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells (hBSMC).Biopsies were taken from patients undergoing cystectomy due to bladder cancer. Palmitate or LPS stimulated hBSMC were analysed for the production and secretion of the IL-6, gp80, gp80soluble, gp130, MCP-1, pSTAT3, SOCS3, NF-κB and SHP2 by quantitative PCR, ELISA, Western blotting, and confocal immunofluorescence. In signal transduction inhibition experiments we evaluated the involvement of NF-κB and MEK1 in IL-6 and MCP-1 regulation. Palmitate upregulates IL-6 mRNA expression and secretion via NF-κB dependent pathways in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. MCP-1 was moderately upregulated by palmitate but was strongly upregulated by LPS involving NF-κB and MEK1 dependent pathways. Soluble IL-6 receptor (gp80soluble) was downregulated by palmitate and LPS, while membrane-bound gp80 was moderately upregulated. LPS increased SOCS3 and SHP2, whereas palmitate only induced SOCS3. Secondary finding: most of the IL-6 is secreted.Bacterial infection (LPS) or metabolic alterations (palmitate) have distinct effects on IL-6 expression in hBSMC, (i) short term LPS induced autocrine JAK/STAT signaling and (ii) long-term endocrine regulation of IL-6 by palmitate. Induction of IL-6 in human bladder smooth muscle cells by fatty acids may represent a pathogenetic factor underlying the higher frequency and persistence of urinary tract infections in patients with metabolic diseases

Silicon solar cell–integrated stress and temperature sensors for photovoltaic modules

We propose silicon solar cell–integrated stress and temperature sensors as a new approach for the stress and temperature measurement in photovoltaic (PV) modules. The solar cell–integrated sensors enable a direct and continuous in situ measurement of mechanical stress and temperature of solar cells within PV modules. In this work, we present a proof of concept for stress and temperature sensors on a silicon solar cell wafer. Both sensors were tested in a conventional PV module setup. For the stress sensor, a sensitivity of (−47.41 ± 0.14)%/GPa has been reached, and for the temperature sensor, a sensitivity of (3.557 ± 0.008) × 10$^{-3}$ K$^{-1}$ has been reached. These sensors can already be used in research for increased measurement accuracy of the temperature and the mechanical stress in PV modules because of the implementation at the precise location of the solar cells within a laminate stack, for process evaluation, in‐situ measurements in reliability tests, and the correlation with real exposure to climates

Simulation based Development of Industrial PERC Cell Production beyond 20.5% Efficiency

AbstractIn this work we present our approach to realize an industrial process that allows cell efficiencies up to and above 21%. Based on a loss analysis we systematically investigate the feasible options to improve the efficiency with device simulations and production experiments. Subsequently we perform sensitivity analyses particularly for various silicon wafer materials to ensure stable process capability. Our best prototype process with optimized front and rear side passivation and enhanced laser contact patterning has demonstrated a maximum efficiency of 20.9% with a very high VOC of 670mV on high-lifetime mono material. We were able to assemble 60-cell based modules with more than 305Wp

Разработка и исследования ионного Br - диода

Объектом исследования является ионный Br–диод с внешним магнитным полем. Целью работы является разработка конструкции ионного Br–диода и проведение на нем исследовании по генерации мощных ионных пучков различного массового состава и фокусировки ионного пучка, для повышения эффективности работы ионного диода и ресурса работы анодного покрытия. В процессе исследования проводились расчеты по определению размеров и конструкции ионного Br-диода, параметров магнитного поля, создаваемого внешним источником питания. По разработанному Br-ионному диоду проводились экспериментальные исследования различных эмиссионных покрытий анода, а также опыты по улучшению фокусировки ионного пучка.The object of investigation is an ion Br-diode with an external magnetic field. The aim of the work is to develop the design of the ion Br-diode and to carry out research on the generation of powerful ion beams of various mass composition and focusing of the ion beam, in order to increase the efficiency of the ion diode and the life of the anode coating. During the research, calculations were made to determine the size and design of the ion Br-diode, the parameters of the magnetic field created by an external power source. Based on the developed Br-ion diode, experimental studies of various emission coatings of the anode, as well as experiments to improve the focusing of the ion beam, were carried out

Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) for the improvement of thrombolysis with streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction Results of the HIT-4 trial

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to compare recombinant hirudin and heparin as adjuncts to streptokinase thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).BACKGROUNDExperimental studies and previous small clinical trials suggest that specific thrombin inhibition improves early patency rates and clinical outcome in patients treated with streptokinase.METHODSIn a randomized double-blind, multicenter trial, 1,208 patients with AMI ≤6 h were treated with aspirin and streptokinase and randomized to receive recombinant hirudin (lepirudin, IV bolus of 0.2 mg/kg, followed by subcutaneous (SC) injections of 0.5 mg/kg b.i.d. for 5 to 7 days) or heparin (IV placebo bolus, followed by SC injections of 12,500 IU b.i.d. for 5 to 7 days). A total of 447 patients were included in the angiographic substudy in which the primary end point, 90-min Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3 of the infarct-related artery, was evaluated, while the other two-thirds served as “safety group” in which only clinical end points were evaluated. As an additional efficacy parameter the ST-segment resolution at 90 and 180 min was measured in all patients.RESULTSTIMI flow grade 3 was observed in 40.7% in the lepirudin and in 33.5% in the heparin group (p = 0.16), respectively. In the entire study population the proportion of patients with complete ST resolution at 90 min (28% vs. 22%, p = 0.05) and at 180 min (52% vs. 48%, p = 0.18) after start of therapy tended to be higher in the lepirudin group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke (0.2% vs. 0.3%) or total stroke (1.2% vs. 1.5%), reinfarction rate (4.6% vs. 5.1%) and total mortality rate (6.8% vs. 6.4%) at 30 days, as well as the combined end point of death, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal reinfarction, rescue-percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and refractory angina (22.7 vs. 24.3%) were not statistically different between the two groups.CONCLUSIONSLepirudin as adjunct to thrombolysis with streptokinase did not significantly improve restoration of blood flow in the infarct vessel as assessed by angiography, but was associated with an accelerated ST resolution. There was no increase in the risk of major bleedings with lepirudin compared to heparin